korandalam bahasa arab adalah , koran terjemah bahasa arab Toggle navigation Qaamus.com. Kamus; Terjemah Nama (Pego) Terjemah Angka; Peribahasa; Qaamus Indonesia Data diambil dari Kamus Al-Munawwir Edisi Indonesia Arab pada halaman 461. Terjemah yang berhubungan dengan kata Koran . INDONESIA ARAB; koran migguan TheBook has been handed down to our age in its complete and original form since the time of Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him (p) . From the time the Book began to be revealed, the Prophet (p) had dictated its text to the scribes. The written text was then read out to Prophet (p), who, having satisfied himself that the scribe had committed. 2 days ago · Search: Madd Leen. madd leen waw and BukuBelajar Bahasa Arab Mudah dan Cepat Best Seller. Jelajahi Buku Belajar Bahasa Arab Mudah dan Cepat Best Seller dari Gramedia yang disusun berdasarkan penjualan terbanyak. Buku Bahasa Arab untuk Semua. Bahasa Arab Sistem 52M Vol. 2. Buku Jago Kuasai Bahasa Arab. Kamus Bergambar Bahasa Arab Sehari-Hari Untuk Anak Muslim. situasidan kondisi seperti inilah novel Arab muncul dan memberikan kontribusinya untuk menggerakkan "roda" perkembangan kesusasteraan Arab pada zaman modern. Novel dalam bahasa Arab digunakan istilah al-Riwayah, sebagian yang lain menggunakan al-Qis }s}ah atau al-Qis }s}ah al- Merujukpada pemaparan di atas, maka selayaknyalah di dalam sebuah karya sastra, terutama novel, menggambarkan keselarasan hidup laki-laki dan perempuan yang seimbang, mengacu pada pengalaman khasnya masing-masing, tanpa terpengaruh oleh apapun jenis kelamin penulisnya. Hal ini menjadi penting, karena di era keterbukaan seperti saat ini, sebuah karya tidak dapat dikhususkan hanya bagi Dalamperkembangan berikutnya, antara abad ke-10 dan ke-11, cerita ini berkembang ke berbagai daerah di Arab, Eropa, dan juga kemudian ke Asia, Asia Tenggara termasuk Singapura, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Cerita diterjemahkan ke dalam berbagai bahasa seperti Sanskerta, Melayu, dan ke dalam bahasa Bali. dan tertuang dalam bahasa novel yang iWdrpQ0. Cari Blog Ini About Laporkan Penyalahgunaan Popular Posts To download the Arabic Novel Arabic Version, please click the link provided below. لتحميل الرواية العربية، يرجى النقر على الرابط التالي N... Download Download Download Download Download Download Berikutnya >> Partner Link Naruto Shippuden Subtitle Indonesia All Episode New Link Naruto Shippuden Subtitle Indonesia All Episode - Pada kesempatan ini kami akan... Home Static Page Binsis Iklan Massal Menu2 Menu3 Menu4 Home » Tanpa kategori » Novel Bahasa Arab ARABIC NOVELS الرواية العربية Arab American Literary Fictions, Cultures, and Politics by ISBN 0230603378Publication Date this is a 'Palgrave to Order' title. Stock of this book requires shipment from overseas. It will be delivered to you within 12 weeks. Using literary and social analysis, this book examines a range of modern Arab American literary fiction and illustrates how socio-political phenomena have affected the development of the Arab American novel. Modern Arabic Short Stories by Ronak Husni Editor; Daniel L. Newman Editor Designed as a reader for intermediate students of Arabic and those who may wish to broaden their appreciation of leading Middle Eastern writers, this collection features stories in both Arabic and English translation. Prefaced by an author biography plus notes on context and background, each story is followed by a glossary and discussion of problematic language points. Authors include Naguib Mahfouz, Edwar al-Kharrat, Hanan al-Shaykh, Layla al-Uthman, and Mohamed Choukri. Ronak Husni is a senior lecturer at Heriot-Watt University, teaching Arabic language, literature, and translation. Daniel L. Newman is the course director of the MA in Arabic/English Translation at the University of Durham and the author of An Imam in Paris Saqi Books.ISBN 9780863564369Publication Date 2008-06-01 Modern Arab American Fiction a reader's guide by Steven Salaita Within the spectrum of American literary traditions, Arab American literature is relatively new. Writing produced by Americans of Arab origin is mainly a product of the twentieth century and only started to flourish in the past thirty years. While this young but thriving literature varies widely in content and style, it emerges from a common community and within a specific historical, political, and cultural context. In Modern Arab American Fiction, Salaita maps out the landscape of this genre as he details rather than defines the last century of Arab American fiction. Exploring the works of such best-selling authors as Rabih Alameddine, Mohja Kahf, Laila Halaby, Diana Abu-Jaber, Alicia Erian, and Randa Jarrar, Salaita highlights the development of each author's writing and how each has influenced Arab American fiction. He examines common themes including the Israel-Palestine conflict, the Lebanese Civil War of 1975-90, the representation and practice of Islam in the United States, social issues such as gender and national identity in Arab cultures, and the various identities that come with being Arab American. Combining the accessibility of a primer with in-depth critical analysis, Modern Arab American Fiction is suitable for a broad audience, those unfamiliar with the subject area, as well as scholars of the Number Olin Library S33 2011ISBN 9780815632535Publication Date 2011-04-13 Edinburgh Companion to the Arab Novel in English the politics of Anglo Arab and Arab American literature and culture by Nouri Gana Editor Opening up the field of diasporic Anglo-Arab literature to critical debate, this reference companion spans from the first Arab novel in 1911 right up to the present day, focusing on the resurgence of the Anglo-Arabic novel in the last 20 years. The combination of classroom-friendly essays, to guide students through the set novels on Anglo-Arab literature courses, and sophisticated critical analyses of the major Anglo-Arab novelists for advanced scholars make this the ultimate, one-stop resource. You'll find chapters on authors such as Ameen Rihani, Ahdaf Soueif, Waguih Ghali, Etel Adnan and Diana Abu-Jaber, and interviews with Laila Lalami, Hisham Matar and Fadia 0748685553Publication Date 2013-01-01 Dinarzad's Children an anthology of contemporary Arab American fiction by Pauline Kaldas Editor; Khaled Mattawa Editor The first edition of Dinarzad s Children was a groundbreaking and popular anthology that brought to light the growing body of short fiction being written by Arab Americans. This expanded edition includes sixteen new stories thirty in all and new voices and is now organized into sections that invite readers to enter the stories from a variety of directions. Here are stories that reveal the initial adjustments of immigrants, the challenges of forming relationships, the political nuances of being Arab American, the vision directed towards homeland, and the ongoing search for balance and identity. The contributors are D. H. Melhem, Mohja Khaf, Rabih Alameddine, Rawi Hage, Laila Halaby, Patricia Sarrafian Ward, Alia Yunis, Diana Abu Jaber, Susan Muaddi Darraj, Samia Serageldin, Alia Yunis, Joseph Geha, May Monsoor Munn, Frances Khirallah Nobel, Nabeel Abraham, Yussef El Guindi, Hedy Habra, Randa Jarrar, Zahie El Kouri, Amal Masri, Sahar Mustafah, Evelyn Shakir, David Williams, Pauline Kaldas, and Khaled Mattawa."ISBN 9781610751261Publication Date 2009-01-01 Arabic Literature postmodern perspectives by Angelika Neuwirth Editor; Andreas Pflitsch Editor; Barbara Winckler Editor "The coverage of the region is admirable in terms of both geographical spread and literary genre. . . . This collection of articles, carefully grouped around specific themes and the authors who invoke them, is an important contribution to the study of modern Arabic literature."-Professor Roger Allen Arabic Literature Postmodern Perspectives introduces the work of twenty-nine pivotal authors from the Arab world writing in Arabic, English, French, and Hebrew. Organized around the central themes of memory, place, and gender, each of which is discussed in an introductory essay, the volume provides a critical framework for Arab writing, locating it alongside contemporary world literature. The contributors maintain that Arabic literature reflects the Western postmodern condition without denying its own traditions. As such,Arabic Literature paves the way for an important cultural dialogue between East and West. Authors covered include Adonis, Rabih Alameddine, Hoda Barakat, Tahar Ben Jelloun, Mahmoud Darwish, Assia Djebar, and Elias Khoury. Angelika Neuwirth is chair of Arabic studies at the Free University of Berlin. Andreas Pflitsch is a research fellow at the Center for Literary and Cultural Studies in Berlin and teaches Arabic studies at the University of Bamberg and the Free University of Berlin. Barbara Winckler is a research fellow at the Center for Literary and Cultural Studies in Berlin and teaches modern Arabic literature at the Free University of Number Olin Library PJ7538 .A7313 2010ISBN 9780863566943Publication Date 2010-09-21 Arab Women Writers a critical reference guide, 1873-1999 / by Ferial Ghazoul; Radwa Ashour; Hasna Reda-Mekdashi Editor Arab women's writing in the modern age began with 'A'isha al-Taymuriya, Warda al-Yaziji, Zaynab Fawwaz, and other nineteenth-century pioneers in Egypt and the Levant. This unique study-first published in Arabic in 2004-looks at the work of those pioneers and then traces the development of Arab women's literature through the end of the twentieth century, and also includes a meticulously researched, comprehensive bibliography of writing by Arab women. In the first section, in nine essays that cover the Arab Middle East from Morocco to Iraq and Syria to Yemen, critics and writers from the Arab world examine the origin and evolution of women's writing in each country in the region, addressing fiction, poetry, drama, and autobiographical writing. The second part of the volume contains bibliographical entries for over 1,200 Arab women writers from the last third of the nineteenth century through 1999. Each entry contains a short biography and a bibliography of each author's published works. This section also includes Arab women's writing in French and English, as well as a bibliography of works translated into English. With its broad scope and extensive research, this book is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in Arabic literature, women's studies, or comparative literature. Contributors Emad Abu Ghazi, Radwa Ashour, Mohammed Berrada, Ferial J. Ghazoul, Subhi Hadidi, Haydar Ibrahim, Yumna al-'Id, Su'ad al-Mani', Iman al-Qadi, Amina Rachid, Huda al-Sadda, Hatim Number .D4313 2008ISBN 9789774161469Publication Date 2008-11-01 The Arabic Novel An Historical and Critical Introduction Contemporary Issues in the Middle East by Roger AllenCall Number Olin Library PJ7577 .A68 1995ISBN 081562641XPublication Date 1994-11-01This edition includes new material on the Arabic novel up to 1993. It is a survey of the Arabic novel and its development from its beginnings in the 19th century until today. It traces the origin, early cultivation and the mature period after World War II of the Arabic novel. Feminism and Avant-Garde Aesthetics in the Levanthine Novel by Kifah HannaISBN 9781137548702Publication Date 2016-02-23Writing in response to war and national crisis, al-Samm'n, Khal'feh, Barak't, and others introduced into the Arabic literary canon aesthetic forms capable of carrying Levantine women's experiences. By assessing their feminism in such a way, this book aims to revive a critical emphasis on aesthetics in Arab women's writing. Modern Arabic Fiction an anthology by Salma Khadra Jayyusi Editor Beginning with the late-nineteenth-century cultural resurgence and continuing through the present day, short stories and novels have given voice to the personal and historical experiences of modern Arabs. This anthology offers a rich and diverse selection of works from more than one hundred and forty prominent Arab writers of fiction. The collection reflects Arab writers' formal inventiveness as well as their intense exploration of various dimensions of modern Arab life, including the impact of modernity, the rise of the oil economy, political authoritarianism, corruption, religion, poverty, and the Palestinian experience in modern times. Salma Khadra Jayyusi, a renowned scholar of Arabic literature, has included short stories and excerpts from novels from authors in every Arab country. Modern Arabic Fiction contains writings stretching from the pioneering work of late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors to the novels of Naguib Mahfouz and the stories of contemporary Arab writers. In addition to familiar names such as Mahfouz, the anthology presents excerpts from writers well known in the Arab world but just beginning to find an audience in the West, including early twentieth century Christian Lebanese writer Jurji Zaydan, whose historical epics were eye-openers for generations of Arab readers to the achievements of medieval Islamic civilization; Yusuf Idris's complex and brilliant portrait of Egypt's poor; 'Abd al-Rahman Muneef's searing exploration of the ecological and social impact of oil production; Palestinian writer Jabra Ibrahim Jabra's sophisticated description of the dilemma's of modern Arab intellectuals; and Jamal al-Ghitani's impressive employment of mythical time and the continuity of the past in the present. Jayyusi provides biographical information on the writers as well as a substantial and illuminating introduction to the development of modern Arabic fictional genres that considers the central thematic and aesthetic concerns of Arab short story writers and Number Olin Library M59 2005ISBN 0231132549Publication Date 2005-05-04 The Mahfouz Dialogs by Gamal al-Ghitani; Humphrey Davies Translator The Mahfouz Dialogs records the memories, views, and jokes of Naguib Mahfouz on subjects ranging from politics to the relationship between his novels and his life, as delivered to intimate friends at a series of informal meetings stretching out over almost half a century. Mahfouz was a pivotal figure not only in world literature through being awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1988 he became the first writer in Arabic to win a mass audience, but also in his own society, where he vastly enhanced the image of the writer in the eyes of the public and encapsulated-as the victim of a savage attack on his life by an Islamist in 1994-the struggle between pluralism, tolerance, and secularism on the one hand and extremist Islam. Moderated by Gamal al-Ghitani, a writer of a younger generation who shared a common background with Mahfouz al-Ghitani also grew up in medieval Cairo and felt a vast personal empathy for the writer despite their sometimes different views, these exchanges throw new light on Mahfouz's life, the creation of his novels, and literary Egypt in the second half of the twentieth Number Olin Library Z4613 2007ISBN 9789774161278Publication Date 2008-03-15 Modern Arabic Short Stories by Denys Johnson-Davies Editor, TranslatorCall Number olin M68 1993ISBN 9780914478997Publication Date 1989-06-01 Poetics of Love in the Arabic Novel by Wen-chin Ouyang Considers the Arabic novel within the triangle of the nation-state, modernity and traditionWen-Chin Ouyang explores the development of the Arabic novel, especially the ways in it engages with aesthetics, ethics and politics in a cross-cultural context and from a transnational love and desire as the central tropes , the story of the Arabic novel is presented as a series of failed, illegitimate love affairs, all tainted by its suspicion of the legitimacy of the nation, modernity and tradition and, above all, by its misgiving about its own 9780748642731Publication Date 2012-06-20 Religion in the Egyptian Novel by Christina Phillips This is an in-depth, original survey of religion in the modern Arabic novel. Tracing the relationship from the genesis of the form in the early 20th century to present, Phillips provides a thematic exploration of the push and pull between religion and secularism as it played out on the pages of the Egyptian novel. Through close readings of representative texts, the book reveals the manifold ways in which Islam, Christianity, Sufism, myth, ritual and intertext have engaged in modern Arabic literature and culture more 9781474417068Publication Date 2019-08-01 African Lives by Geoff Wisner EditorCall Number Africana Library Africana Center DT18 .A644 2013ISBN 9781588268624Publication Date 2013-03-01 In the House of Silence autobiographical essays by Arab women writers by Fadia Faqir To complement the novels in Garnet's award-winning Arab Women Writers series, In the House of Silence is a collection of autobiographical writings by thirteen leading Arab women authors. Through these testimonies the women describe their experiences and expose the often-difficult conditions under which their narratives were woven. Patterns emerge, which run throughout their testimonies - experiences of confinement, subjugation, the struggle for education and the eventual use ofwriting as a way out. They speak of their own reasons for writing, of how experiences in family life, politics, exile and even imprisonment have affected them and their work, and of how their motivation has been both tested and reinforced by various setbacks and the struggle for recognition. Startlingly honest, these testimonies will be essential reading for all those interested in women's roles in Arab society and the ways that these roles are Number .I53 1998ISBN 1859640230Publication Date 1998-10-06 The Golden Chariot العربة الذهبية لا تصعد إلى السماء by Salwa Bakr سلوى بكرISBN 1859640222Publication Date 1995-03-01From her prison cell in Cairo, Aziza decides to create a golden chariot to take her and fellow prisoners to heaven, where their dreams can be fulfilled. Aziza's narrative holds together the stories of the other women and their crimes as they yearn for a better life, but cannot realize these dreams. Cultural Identity in Arabic Novels of Immigration by Wessam Elmeligi Cultural Identity in Arabic Novels of Immigration A Poetics of Return offers a new perspective of migration studies that views the concept of migration in Arabic as inherently embracing the notion of return. Starting the study with the significance of the Islamic hijra as the quintessential migrant narrative in Arabic culture, Elmeligi offers readings of Arabic narratives as early as Ibn Tufayl's Hayy ibn Yaqzan and as recent as Miral Al-Tahawy's 2010 Brooklyn Heights, and as varied as Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz's short story adaptation of the ancient Egyptian Tale of Sinuhe and Yemeni novelist Mohammed Abdl Wali's They Die Strangers, including novels that have not been translated in English before, such as Sonallah Ibrahim's Amrikanli and Suhayl Idris' The Latin Quarter. To contextualize these narratives, Elmeligi employs studies of cultural identity and their features that are most impacted by migration. In this study, Elmeligi analyzes the different manifestations of return, whether physical or psychological, commenting not only on the decisions that the characters take in the novels, but also the narrative choices that the writers make, thus viewing narrativity as a form of performativity of cultural identity as well. The book addresses fresh angles of migration studies, identity theory, and Arabic literary analysis that are of interest to scholars and 9781793600974Publication Date 2020-12-10 The Homeland الوطن في العينين by حميدة نعنع Hamida Na'na; Fadia Faqir Editor; Martin Asser TranslatorCall Number olin W3713 1995zISBN 1859640214Publication Date 1995-03-01Nadia rebels against the traditional role cast for women in the Arab world and joins the Palestinian resistance movement. However, she soon becomes disillusioned by their tactics and emigrates to France. The author shows the conflict between the individual and the military establishment. Mothballs حبات من النفتالين by عالية ممدوح. Alia Mamdouh; Arab Women Writers StaffISBN 1859640192Publication Date 1996-04-01Alia Mamadouh reconstructs the society of Baghdad in the 1940s and 1950s through the eyes of 10-year-old Huda, a precocious tomboy highly perceptive of the complex web of her family's relationships. Concepts of Authorship in Pre-Modern Arabic Texts رواية مجلة تعنى بشؤون الرواية العربية. Riwayah. Publisher by Mu’assasat Sutur al-Thaqafiyah, Baghdad. Quarterly published - Issue 1, first season June 2017 الرواية قضايا وآفاق مجلة فصلية تعني بالإبداع الروائي المحلي والعالمي / تحرير مدحت الجيار al-Riwāyah qaḍāyā wa-āfāq majallah faṣlīyah tuʻná bi-al-ibdaʻ al-riwāʼī al-maḥallī wa-al-ʻālamī / ǂc [taḥrīr Midḥat al-Jayyār]. القاهرة الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، - Arabic Novel In Translation Reading List * الرواية العربية المترجمة قائمة القراءة قائمة أفضل مئة رواية عربية - ويكيبيديا A noun is seen as an identity in identifying a certain something especially Proper Noun. Though it seems simple, the art of translating it into another language might be a tad complicated. Occasionally, there are also Proper Nouns that bring indirect meaning to the audience that will bring misinterpretation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyse the root and square of how Proper Noun was translated into Arabic from the first edition of Al Ustaz novel by Sultan Ahmad Bin Abdur and Mujahid Mustafa Bahjat 2010. The structure of this study is qualitative with 25 out of 202 Proper Noun chosen as the study sample. The data is comprised into 5 types of Proper Noun in each category. In order to analyze the structure of the study, The Theory of Newmark 1994 will be conducted in pertaining the correct usage of Proper Noun in Malay-Arabic. The findings of the study shown that Proper Noun is commonly translated into literal meaning. Apart from that, there is also ambiguity in Proper Noun found in the translation. Eventually, this study is presumably to serve as a comprehensive guideline to the translator in grasping the issue of translating Proper Noun specifically in Malay to Arabic context. This study is expected to help in improving the skills of translation among the target audience. Discover the world's research25+ million members160+ million publication billion citationsJoin for free A preview of the PDF is not available ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this B. MerriamRev.& expanded from Case study research in education, references,indexSejarah dan Asal-usul Bahasa Arab Satu Kajian Linguistik SejarahAbd. Rauf Hassan Azahari. 2004. Sejarah dan Asal-usul Bahasa Arab Satu Kajian Linguistik Sejarah. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & …, 122, 135-141. Source Corpus as a Tool for Translation TrainingTaj Rijal & Muhamad Fauzi. 2015. Open Source Corpus as a Tool for Translation Training. European Journal of Language and Literature Studies. September-December 2015, Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. London St Paul's HouseI F FinlayFinlay, I. F. 1971. Translating. London St Paul's NewmarkNewmark, P. 1994. Pendekatan Penterjemahan. Zaiton Ab. Rahman & Zainab Ahmad, Trans. Kuala Lumpur Dewan Bahasa dan Names in Translation A Relevance-Theoretic Analysis. Disertasi Doktor FalsafahA P VermesVermes, A. P. 2001. Proper Names in Translation A Relevance-Theoretic Analysis. Disertasi Doktor Falsafah. Debrecen Debreceni Literatur Penterjemahan Novel Melayu ke Bahasa ArabNoorsyuhada Mohamed Salleh & Maheram Ahmad. 2015. Tinjauan Literatur Penterjemahan Novel Melayu ke Bahasa Arab. Islamiyyat, 372, 147-152. Bangi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. .Naguib Mahfouz ikon novel Arab modern. Puisi Arab memiliki kedudukan istimewa dalam sejarah kesusasteraan Arab. Ia digadang-gadang sebagai puncak kefasihan yang berhasil dicapai oleh bangsa Arab. Karenanya ketika al-Quran datang dengan keindahannya yang begitu memukau, kaum kafir menyamakannya dengan puisi dan menganggap Baginda Muhammad seorang penyair. Dalam perkembangan keilmuan Islam, puisi Arab memainkan peranan yang begitu besar. Ia dijadikan sebagai dalil oleh para ulama dalam tafsir, fikih, akidah, bahasa, nahu dan sastra. Dapat dikatakan bahwa para kritikus Arab klasik lebih banyak membicarakan puisi daripada genre prosa yang memiliki beragam bentuk. Namun keadaan berubah di abad ke-20. Posisi puisi mulai bergeser bersamaan dengan persinggungan dunia Arab dengan Barat. Para cendekiawan Arab menemukan media yang lebih bisa mewakili perasaan dan menggambarkan keadaan mereka dan media itu novel riwâyah. Naguib Mahfouz dan Gaber Asfour menyebut pertengahan abad-20 sebagai awal era novel zamân ar-riwâyah. Di Mesir, kemunculan novel berkaitan erat dengan tokoh Rifa’at At-Tahtawi yang diutus oleh Muhammad Ali Pasha untuk menjadi pembimbing spiritual bagi delegasi pelajar ke Perancis. Ia menceritakan pengalamannya berada di Perancis dan membandingkan keadaan Eropa dengan Mesir dalam bukunya yang berjudul Takhlîsh al Ibrîz fî Talkhîsh al Bârîs. Buku ini dianggap sebagai sastra petualangan adab rihlah dan benih kelahiran novel Arab secara umum dan novel Mesir secara khusus. Baca juga Isu Sunni-Syiah dalam Novel Saud Alsanousi Dalam buku Al-Qash fî Hâdzâ az-Zamân, Gaber Asfour menjelaskan kaitan kemunculan novel Arab dengan perjuangan kaum menengah untuk mengungkapkan realita kehidupan mereka dan usaha menegaskan identitas sebagai sebuah bangsa independen di tengah penjajahan Ottoman dan Barat. Ini bisa terlihat misalnya dari novel Zainab karya Muhammad Husein Haikal yang dituliskannya ketika ia tengah menempuh studi di Perancis. Dalam novelnya itu, Haikal menuliskan kisah tentang kondisi hidup kaum petani di desa sekaligus menggambarkan keindahan alam yang subur dan hijau yang dimiliki oleh Mesir. Novel Hadîts Isâ bin Hisyâm karya Muhammad Muwaylihi yang dianggap terpengaruh oleh gaya genre klasik, Al-Maqama, tidak lain merupakan usaha mengukuhkan kemampuan genre klasik dalam mendeskripsikan fenomena dan keadaan yang baru sebagaimana yang dijelaskan oleh Jaber Asfour. Novel ini adalah bentuk pengharmonisasian antara klasik dan modern al-qadîm wa al-jadîd, antara Timur dan Barat. Perkembangan novel Arab berjalan bersamaan dengan perubahan dramatis yang terjadi di dalam masyarakat Arab baik secara sosial, kebudayaan maupun politik. Karenanya novel Arab tidak bisa dilepaskan dari konteks eksternalnya. Terlebih pasca berdirinya negara Israel di tanah Palestina 1948 yang diikuti oleh perang Arab-Israel pada tahun 1956, 1967, dan 1973. Novel Arab memainkan perannya dalam menggambarkan realita baru masyarakat Arab, memberikan gambaran hidup terkait pengaruh perang terhadap psikologi masyarakat, dan perjuangan tiada henti yang masyarakat lakukan untuk mendapatkan kebebasan dan kemerdekaan. Berangkat dari titik tolak ini, Roger Allan dalam bukunya yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Arab dengan judul Ar-Riwâyah al-Arabiyyah, mengategorikan novel-novel Arab berdasarkan tema dalam konteks perubahan kondisi sosial dan politik masyarakat Arab seperti tema konfrontasi dan perang al-muwâjahah wa al-harb, kemerdekaan dan kebebasan al-istiqlâl wa al-huriyyah, relasi antara Timur-Barat al-alâqah bain al-gharb wa al-syarq dan lain sebagainya. Dalam bukunya itu, Roger Allan mengatakan bahwa novel Arab tidak hanya mengalami perubahan dari segi tema al-madhmûn, namun juga mengalami perubahan dari segi struktur bangunan novel asy-syakl. Para novelis Arab melakukan eksperimen dalam teknik kepenulisan novel mereka. Ikon novel Arab, Naguib Mahfouz misalnya, telah mencobai beragam aliran sastra dimulai dari aliran historis, realisme, dan simbolik. Novel-novelnya tidak hanya mempengaruhi kesusasteraan Mesir saja, namun kesusasteraan Arab secara menyeluruh. Pada kenyataannya, eksperimen yang terus menerus dilakukan oleh para novelis Arab tidak terlepas dari watak novel itu sendiri; novel adalah pencarian dan petualangan terus-menerus. Secara esensial, novel adalah fleksibilitas dan tak dapat didefinisikan. Dalam bukunya yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Arab dengan judul Arkân Ar-Riwâyah, E. M. Forster mengatakan bahwa novel adalah bongkahan besar tak berbentuk, ia adalah area yang paling lembab dalam sastra, dialiri oleh ribuan anak sungai, dan terkadang menjorok ke bawah hingga menjadi rawa yang tajam’. Karenanya kita mendapati para novelis Arab memasukkan genre tulisan lain ke dalam novel mereka. Sanallah Ibrahim mengadopsi gaya repostase dalam novel 67, Mourid Al-Barghouthi memasukkan puisi ke dalam novel Roaitu Ramalallah, Hoda Barakat menggunakan gaya surat sebagai bingkai novel Barîd al-Lail, dan Ibarahim Nasrullah merekayasa masa depan dalam novel Harb Al-Kalb Ats-Tsâniyah. Baca juga Kisah Bapak Sastra Arab yang Tak Ingin Dikalahkan Kebutaannya Jika memperhatikan novel-novel Arab sejak awal abad 21 setidaknya berkaca melalui novel-novel yang mendapatkan penghargaan di International Prize for Arabic Fiction yang dimulai pertama kali tahun 2008, kita akan mendapati novel Arab mampu mengukuhkan dirinya sebagai ruang yang menyuarakan mereka yang tak mampu bersuara, menyelam ke dalam jiwa manusia, dan mendialogkan beragam perspektif tanpa penghakiman. Novel Arab mampu memenuhi syarat-syarat esensial untuk menjadi novel sebagai genre sastra. Dalam novel Sâq Al Bambû yang mendapatkan penghargaan International Prize for Arabic Fiction di tahun 2013, Saud Al-Sanusi menciptakan tokoh utama bernama Jose Mendoza yang mengalami pergulatan batin dalam usaha mencari identitas diri; negara, agama dan cinta. Melalui tokoh ini, penulis berusaha untuk mengkritik sistem kelas masyarakat Kuwait yang mengotak-kotakkan. Dalam kasus Jose ibunya adalah perempuan asal Philipina yang bekerja sebagai pembantu di rumah ayahnya, pria berkebangsaan Kuwait, yang kemudian menikahinya secara siri, ia berada di luar kotak karena sebagian dirinya berasal dari satu kotak dan sebagian lainnya dari kotak yang lain. Ia tak ingin berada di dalam kotak mana pun. Ia hanya ingin menjadi manusia biasa. Dalam novel Barîd al-Lail yang mendapatkan penghargaan International Prize for Arabic Fiction di tahun 2019, Hoda Barakat menuliskan novel dalam bentuk surat-surat yang ditulis beberapa orang yang terasing dari negara asal, yang terbuang jauh dari sanak keluarga; satu surat melahirkan surat yang lain. Surat yang merupakan media paling intim di mana seseorang bisa mengungkapkan rahasia terdalam dan terkelam, difungsikan dengan begitu baik oleh sang penulis. Dalam surat, seseorang bisa bercerita tanpa malu, tanpa logika, tanpa dibuat-dibuat. Dalam lingkup diktator, surat adalah pilihan akhir untuk mengabadikan suara terakhir. Baca juga Terjemahan Kasidah Duka oleh Ghayath Almadhoun Novel Arab memberikan semacam bahan perenungan untuk menilai ulang karakter manusia, memahami ulang kehidupan yang tidak murni berwarna putih dan juga tak murni berwarna hitam. Kompleksitas hidup adalah dunia yang coba dihadirkan dalam novel Arab sehingga kita bisa mendengar banyak suara’. Dalam buku yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Arab berjudul Al-Khithâb Al-Ruwâ`i, Mikhail Bakhtin menyebut banyak suara’ ini dengan tahâwuriyyah di mana para karakter di dalam novel saling menyuarakan pandangannya dalam hidup. Novel secara umum tidak mengambil peran untuk memberikan solusi praktis bagi permasalahan yang dihadapi manusia. Bukan seperti itu cara mainnya. Tugas novel adalah memperdengarkan keberagaman yang sering dilupakan, khususnya ketika masyarakat tenggelam dalam kediktatoran dan perang. Dan novel Arab telah mengambil bagiannya. Banipal editor and novelist Samuel Shimon writes — in issue 63 — that he’d proposed, at the beginning of the year, a list of “100 best Arabic novels” There exists one such list, from the Arab Writers Union which is 105, rather than 100, but it’s confined to twentieth-century works. Shimon’s list was to be a fresh look and include twenty-first century works. But, he writes in his introduction, he couldn’t do it. “WHY?” he writes. “Because I found my initial list was full of titles of novels I loved, and therefore it would be Samuel’s list, not the sort of list we wanted for the magazine.” Thus instead “we asked 100 Arab authors, critics, academics, and a few translators for nominations to find the 100 best.” If the names of these 100 were listed, I didn’t see them. The top vote-getter — with 61 nominations — was Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North. The next was Cairo Trilogy, with 41, while Children of the Alley received 34. The full top ten Season of Migration to the North, by Tayeb Salih, translation by Denys Johnson-Davies 61 nominations Cairo Trilogy, by Naguib Mahfouz, translation by William Hutchins 41 nominations For Bread Alone, by Mohamed Choukri, translation by Paul Bowles 37 nominations The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist, by Emile Habiby, translation by Salma Khadra Jayyusi 36 nominations Children of the Alley, by Naguib Mahfouz, translation by Peter Theroux 34 nominations Zayni Barakat, by Gamal al-Ghitani, translation by Farouk Abdel Wahab 34 nominations Cities of Salt, by Abdelrahman Munif, translation by Peter Theroux 33 nominations In Search of Walid Masoud, by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, translation by Adnan Haydar & Roger Allen Rama and the Dragon, by Edwar al-Kharrat, translation by Ferial Ghazoul and John Verlenden Gate of the Sun, by Elias Khoury, translation by Humphrey Davies All but the fifth novel, Children of the Alley, is also on the Arab Writers Union list; the AWU list limited authors to one novel each. Several more Mahfouz novels made Banipals top 100 The Harafish got 20 nominations, The Thief and the Dogs 15; Midaq Alley got 12; Miramar 10; and Adrift on the Nile 9. In total, Shimon writes, Mahfouz received 106 nominations. In all, Shimon writes, the lists share 44 titles, and the Banipal list includes 21 titles that were published post-2001. They’re also far different lists because Banipal allows for more than one title from the same author. The first post-2001 title to appear is Ahmed Saadawi’s International Prize for Arabic Fiction-winning Frankenstein in Baghdad, at 15, which has been translated by Jonathan Wright. The first book not available in English translation is Munif’s East of the Mediterranean, which comes in at 17. The first woman novelist to appear in Radwa Ashour at 23, with her Granada Trilogy. Only the first book of the Granada Trilogy has been translated to English, by William Granara. The other women on the list are Hanan al-Shaykh The Story of Zahra, 27; Latifa al-Zayyat The Open Door, 37; Alawiya Sobh Maryam, Keeper of Stories, 39; Ahlam Mostaghanemi Memory in the Flesh, 46; Layla Baalbaki I Live, 55; Hoda Barakat The Stone of Laughter, 63, and Disciples of Passion, 86; Raja Alem The Dove’s Necklace, 64; Ghada Samman Beirut Nightmares, 71; Inaam Kachachi The American Granddaughter, 72; Huzama Habayeb Velvet, 84; Sahar Khalifeh The Door to the Courtyard, 91; and Miral al-Tahawy The Tent, 99. There were thirteen novels by women on both this and the Arab Writers Union list, although they are not by the same women. Usefully, the Banipal list is not just a list, but also includes brief introductions to both the works and their authors, as well as some contextualization. As well as being enjoyable in and of itself — because who doesn’t like a list — there are some Arab Writers Union oversights that this list remedies Syrian poet and novelist Salim Barakat, for instance, appears with The Sages of Darkness. And brilliant younger writers, such as Rabee Jaber, get to be celebrated. As with all lists, there are some decisions that feel infelicitous Khoury’s My Name is Adam appears, which it is not among his strongest novels, although it’s his most recent; Inaam Kachachi’s The American Granddaughter is also not her strongest work, although IPAF-shortlisted; and Abdo Khal’s Throwing Sparks, which won the International Prize for Arabic Fiction in 2010, is a sloppy novel. Indeed, there was a strong emphasis on IPAF-winning books Bahaa Taher’s Sunset Oasis, the 2008 winner, doesn’t make the list although two others by Taher do, but 2009 winner Azazeel is there, as are the 2010 winner, both 2011 co-winners, the 2012 winner, as well as the 2013, 2014, and 2017 winners. The other recent award-winners represented are two who took the Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature; both winner the 2017 winner Huzama Habayeb Velvet and the 2014 winner Hammour Ziada The Longing of the Dervish. Certainly, as with all good “top 100” lists, there’s much fodder for discussion. Find the complete list of 100 and more by ordering Banipal 63.

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